Workshop on Controlled Natural Language (CNL 2009)
8–10 June 2009
Marettimo Island, Italy
Controlled Natural Languages (from Wikipedia):
Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages, obtained
by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate
ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two
major types: those that improve readability for human readers, and those that
enable reliable automatic semantic analysis of the language. [...] The second
type of languages has a formal logical basis, i.e. they have a formal syntax
and semantics, and can be mapped to an existing formal language, such as
first-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation
languages, and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic
consistency and redundancy checks, query answering, etc.
Various controlled natural languages of the second type have been developed by a
number of organisations, and have been used in many different application
domains, most recently within the semantic web.
This workshop was dedicated to discussing the similarities and differences of
existing controlled natural languages of the second type, possible improvements
to these languages, relations to other knowledge representation languages, tool
support, existing and future applications, and further topics of interest.
The workshop was informal with lots of time for presentations and
discussions in the fashion of the seminars organised at
Dagstuhl in Germany.
To ensure the informal atmosphere
the number of participants was limited.
Venue
The workshop took place on the Italian island
Marettimo
at the Marettimo Residence.
Topics
CNL 2009 addressed the following aspects of controlled natural languages
(CNLs):
- design of CNLs
- parsing of CNLs
- CNLs for knowledge representation
- CNLs for specifications
- CNLs and the semantic web
- CNLs as user interface
- CNLs for interaction and communication
- tool support for CNLs
- reasoning in CNLs
- comparisons of CNLs
- applications of CNLs
- business rules
- user studies
- theoretical results
- etc.
Accepted Extended Abstracts
Researchers submitted 31 extended abstracts of which the programme committee accepted 24.
Two papers were withdrawn by their authors after acceptance.
Revised versions of the remaining 22 extended abstracts were published as
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (Volume 448).
- Andrew Potter. Discourse-Based Reasoning for Controlled Natural Languages.
- Richard Power, Robert Stevens, Donia Scott and Alan Rector. Editing OWL through generated CNL.
- Aarne Ranta and Krasimir Angelov. Implementing Controlled Languages in GF.
- Tobias Kuhn. How to Evaluate Controlled Natural Languages. [Slides]
- Richard Shiffman, George Michel, Michael Krauthammer, Norbert E. Fuchs, Kaarel Kaljurand and Tobias Kuhn. Controlled Natural Language for Clinical Practice Guidelines.
- Rolf Schwitter. Anaphora Resolution Involving Interactive Knowledge Acquisition.
- Paula Engelbrecht, Glen Hart and Catherine Dolbear. Talking Rabbit: a User Evaluation of Sentence Production.
- Kaarel Kaljurand. Paraphrasing controlled English texts. [Slides]
- Marcos Cramer, Peter Koepke, Daniel Kuehlwein, Bernhard Schroeder and Jip Veldman. The Naproche Project: Controlled Natural Language Proof Checking of Mathematical Texts.
- Ronald Denaux, Vania Dimitrova, Anthony Cohn, Catherine Dolbear and Glen Hart. Rabbit to OWL: Ontology Authoring with a CNL-based Tool.
- Nora Aranberri and Johann Roturier. Comparison of alternatives to strict source control: a case study with -ing words.
- Laurette Pretorius and Rolf Schwitter. Towards Processable Afrikaans.
- Brian Davis, Pradeep Varma, Siegfried Handschuh, Laura Dragan and Hamish Cunningham. Controlled Natural Language for Semantic Annotation.
- Mike Rosner and Gordon Pace. A Controlled Language for the Specification of Contracts. [Slides]
- Normunds Gruzitis and Guntis Barzdins. Polysemy in Controlled Natural Language Texts. [Slides]
- Paul Stynes, Declan O'Sullivan and Owen Conlan. Simulation-based Communication Tool: an Enabler for Collaborative Decision Making.
- Jie Bao, Paul Smart and Dave Braines. A Controlled Natural Language Interface for Semantic Media Wiki Using the Rabbit Language.
- Ian Pratt-Hartmann. Computational Complexity of Controlled Natural Languages.
- Keri Anderson Healy and Silvie Spreeuwenberg. SBVR's Approach to Controlled Natural Language. [Slides]
- Hans Leiß. A parser generator for CNL with Peirce algebra semantics.
- Camilo Thorne and Diego Calvanese. Exploring Controlled English Ontology-Based Data Access. [Slides]
- Adam Wyner, Phil Whitwell and Phil Jones. Authoring and Running Rules in the Controlled Language of Haley Office Rules.
- Peter Clark, Phil Harrison, William Murray and John Thompson. Naturalness vs. Predictability: A Key Debate in Controlled Languages. [Slides]
- Johan Bos. A controlled fragment of DRT.
Programme
Here is the detailed programme of the workshop.
Posters
Some participants presented posters of their work:
Pictures
Some pictures of the event are available:
Submission of Full Papers
During the
workshop authors had ample time to present their work and to have it
discussed by the participants. All authors of accepted extended abstracts were then invited to submit a full
paper. Subsequently, 17 full papers were submitted of which the programme committee accepted 16.
- Tobias Kuhn. An Evaluation Framework for Controlled Natural Languages.
- Marcos Cramer, Bernhard Fisseni, Peter Koepke, Daniel Kühlwein, Bernhard Schröder and Jip Veldman. The Naproche Project — Controlled Natural Language Proof Checking
of Mathematical Texts.
- Brian Davis, Pradeep Dantuluri, Laura Dragan, Siegfried Handschuh and Hamish Cunningham. On designing Controlled Natural Languages for Semantic Annotation.
- Andrew Potter. Discourse-Based Reasoning for Controlled Natural Languages.
- Rolf Schwitter. Anaphora Resolution Involving Interactive Knowledge Acquisition.
- Paula Engelbrecht, Glen Hart and Catherine Dolbear. Talking Rabbit: A User Evaluation of Sentence Production.
- Peter Clark, Phil Harrison, William Murray and John Thompson. Naturalness vs. Predictability: A Key Debate in Controlled Languages.
- Paul Smart, Jie Bao, Dave Braines and Nigel Shadbolt. Development of a Controlled Natural Language Interface for Semantic MediaWiki.
- Krasimir Angelov and Aarne Ranta. Implementing Controlled Languages in GF.
- Normunds Gruzitis and Guntis Barzdins. Polysemy in Controlled Natural Language Texts.
- Johan Bos. Economical Discourse Representation Theory.
- Camilo Thorne and Diego Calvanese. Controlled English Ontology-Based Data Access.
- Gordon Pace and Michael Rosner. A Controlled Language for the Specification of Contracts.
- Ronald Denaux, Vania Dimitrova, Anthony Cohn, Catherine Dolbear and Glen Hart. Rabbit to OWL: Ontology Authoring with a CNL-based Tool.
- Richard Shiffman, George Michel, Michael Krauthammer, Norbert E. Fuchs, Kaarel Kaljurand and Tobias Kuhn. Controlled Natural Language for Clinical Practice Guidelines.
- Silvie Spreeuwenberg and Keri Anderson Healy. SBVR's approach to controlled natural languages.
In 2010, revised versions of the accepted full papers were published as volume 5972 of Springer's LNCS/LNAI series.
Program Committee
- Piero Bonatti (University of Naples, Italy)
- Johan Bos (University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy)
- Peter E. Clark (Boeing, Seattle, USA)
- Hamish Cunningham (University of Sheffield, UK)
- Enrico Franconi (University of Bolzano, Italy)
- Norbert E. Fuchs (University of Zurich, Switzerland) (chair)
- Glen Hart (Ordnance Survey, Southampton, UK)
- Jerry R. Hobbs (USC/ISI, USA)
- Kaarel Kaljurand (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
- Peter Koepke (University of Bonn, Germany)
- Tobias Kuhn (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
- Ian Pratt-Hartmann (University of Manchester, UK)
- Stephen Pulman (University of Oxford, UK)
- Mike Rosner (University of Malta, Malta)
- Rolf Schwitter (Macquarie University, Australia)
- John Sowa (VivoMind, USA)
- Silvie Spreeuwenberg (LibRT, Amsterdam, Netherlands)
- Uta Schwertel (imc, Germany)
- Yorick Wilks (University of Sheffield, UK)
Organisation
Norbert E. Fuchs (University of Zurich, Switzerland), fuchs@ifi.uzh.ch